Which virus is responsible for vesicular disease in horses when Foot-and-Mouth Disease is not present?

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Vesicular stomatitis virus is the primary agent to consider for vesicular disease in horses when Foot-and-Mouth Disease is not involved. In horses, VSV can produce vesicles on the oral mucosa, tongue, lips, and sometimes at the coronary bands, mimicking FMD but occurring independently of FMD virus. The other viruses listed do not fit as well: African horse sickness virus mainly causes edema, fever, and respiratory or circulatory signs rather than classic vesicles; Bluetongue virus primarily affects ruminants like sheep and cattle with oral lesions but not typically vesicular disease in horses; and Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus would be the common cause of vesicular disease but is excluded by the scenario. Therefore, the vesicular disease in horses in the absence of FMD points to Vesicular stomatitis virus.